Degree |

German Stufe, Tonstufe, Klangstufe; ogo bekee; French ogo; ital. grado; ogo Russian ọzọ

Ọnọdụ nke ụda (ụda) dị ka njikọ na usoro nha (gamma, nzigharị, ọnọdụ, ụda), yana ụda dị otú ahụ n'onwe ya.

Echiche nke "S." ejikọrọ na echiche nke ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ka a "ubube" (Italian scala, German Leiter, Tonleiter), ije tinyere nke a na-aghọta dị ka nzọụkwụ n'elu, ya bụ, mgbanwe mberede site n'otu àgwà (site na otu mmewere) ọzọ ( ọmụmaatụ, c - d, d - e, e - f). Mgbanwe nke S. bụ otu n'ime ngosipụta nke mmegharị, mmepe, site na nhazi ọkwa. Tọọ S. nke k.-l. usoro, na-atụ aro n'usoro nke mgbanwe site n'otu S. ọzọ; na nke a enwere myirịta ụfọdụ n'etiti echiche nke S. na ọrụ ụda. Na harmonic. tonality dabere na ọdịiche dị n'etiti DOS abụọ ahụ. ụdị nhazi ụda-elu - otu isi. na polygon. - n'okpuru okwu "S." ọ pụtara na ọ bụghị naanị ụda dị iche iche nke ọnụ ọgụgụ, kamakwa wuru na ya dị ka isi. ụda olu (ha na-ekwu, dịka ọmụmaatụ, gbasara ikwu okwu n'usoro nke usoro: V - VI). Ịkpọpụta S. nke ahụ na ụdị ndị ọzọ, G. Schenker na omenala. ndenye na ọnụọgụ Rome gbakwunyere Arabic:

S. chord na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ. S.-ụda (dịka ọmụmaatụ, V9 chord na-agụnye 5, 7, 2, 4, 6, na ntụgharị site na otu "ụda ụda" gaa na nke ọzọ n'ime otu "nnweta ụdọ" anaghị aghọta dị ka mgbanwe na ọrụ ya n'ozuzu ya. ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ ihe niile mejupụtara ya "ụda nzọụkwụ"). Na harmonic. tonality S. - mpaghara mpaghara (micromode; dịka ọmụmaatụ, na V C. 1 gravitates na 7 n'agbanyeghị nnukwu ike ndọda), na-erubere n'ozuzu (S. dị ka sublad). Otu n'ime ụzọ ndị a na-ahụkarị maka ịkọwa ụdọ na-ejikọta ya na echiche nke "S.-chord", nke kachasị mkpa bụ ihe ngosi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nkwekọ n'usoro n'usoro (ọnụọgụ ọrụ, n'ụzọ dị iche na ọkwa ọkwa, na-ekpebi ihe ndị dị na ya. pụtara nke eriri na mgbagha nke usoro harmonic). Na egwu Europe nke narị afọ nke 17-19, dabere na ụda olu nke 12-nzọụkwụ. sistemu diatonic na-achị. na isi ya (lee Diatonic), ụdịdị ndị ahụ bụ isi na obere, nke, agbanyeghị, kwere chromatism. A na-ekewa 12 "ụda ụda" nke enwere ike n'ime ụdịdị ndị a na-arụ ọrụ n'ime 7 isi (na C-dur ha kwekọrọ na igodo ọcha nke php.) na usoro 5 (gbanwere; kwekọrọ na igodo ojii); mgbanwe dị otú ahụ. chromaticity bụ ihe omume nke abụọ na diatonic. ndabere (F. Chopin, Etude a-moll op. 25 No 11), na dị ka isi ụkpụrụ nke Ọdịdị, na frets kwesịrị-atụle dị ka 7-nzọụkwụ. Na egwu nke narị afọ nke 20 yana nzọụkwụ 7, a na-ejikwa usoro 12 mee ihe n'usoro (chromaticism eke na ụdị ya ndị ọzọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na A. Webern's Bagatelles, op. 9, piano trio site na EV Denisov). Na mgbakwunye na usoro 7 na 12 nzọụkwụ, e nwere ndị ọzọ nwere obere C. (dịka ọmụmaatụ, pentatonic) na nke buru ibu (microchromatic si 24, 36 C .; ebe a usoro 12-nzọụkwụ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ. dị ka isi).

Ọ dị mkpa ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti echiche: S. na nkọwa kpọmkwem nke ụda (ụda). Ya mere, na chromatic usoro C (dur) ọ ga-ekwe omume iji ụda ces-heses-dị ka na, n'aka nke ọzọ, eis-fis-gis-ais, Otú ọ dị, ndị a kpọmkwem ụda ụkpụrụ adịghị eduga. ngafe nke ọnụ ọgụgụ n'ezie nke "nzọụkwụ ụda" nke chromatic nwere ụda iri na abụọ. gamma.

References: Avraamov A., Na triad nke 2nd ogo nke isi, "Egwu", 1915, Ọ dịghị 205, 213; Glinsky M., Chromatic akara na egwu nke ọdịnihu, "RMG", 1915, Mba 49; Gorkovenko A., Echiche nke nzọụkwụ na nsogbu nke usoro, "SM", 1969, Mba 8; Albersheim G., Die Tonstufe, “Mf”, 1963, Jahrg. 16, H. 2. Hụkwa ọkụ. na Art. Nkwekọ, Ụdị, igodo, Sistemụ ụda, Diatonic, Chromatic, Microchromatic, Pentatonic, Scale, Temperament.

Yu. N. Kholopov