Darius Milhaud |

Darius Milhaud

Ọtụtụ ndị nyere ya aha ọgụgụ isi, ọtụtụ ndị weere ya dị ka charlatan bụ́ isi ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya bụ “iju ndị bourgeois anya.” M. Bauer

Creativity D. Milhaud dere akwụkwọ na-egbuke egbuke, mara mma na egwu French nke narị afọ XX. O doro anya na n'ụzọ doro anya na-egosipụta echiche ụwa nke post-agha 20s, na aha Milhaud nọ n'etiti esemokwu egwu egwu nke oge ahụ.

A mụrụ Milhaud n'ebe ndịda France; Akụkọ ifo Provencal na ọdịdị nke ala nna ya bụ ndị e bibiri ruo mgbe ebighị ebi n'ime mkpụrụ obi nke onye na-ede egwú wee jupụta nka ya na ụtọ pụrụ iche nke Mediterranean. Ejikọtara nzọụkwụ mbụ na egwu na violin, nke Milhaud gụrụ akwụkwọ na mbụ na Aix, na site na 1909 na Paris Conservatory na Bertelier. Ma n'oge na-adịghị anya mmasị ide ihe weghaara. N'ime ndị nkụzi Milhaud bụ P. Dukas, A. Gedalzh, C. Vidor, na V. d'Andy (na Schola cantorum).

N'ime ọrụ mbụ (mmegharị ịhụnanya, ụlọ ensembles), mmetụta mmetụta nke C. Debussy na-ahụ anya. Ịzụlite omenala French (H. Berlioz, J. Bazet, Debussy), Milhaud tụgharịrị bụrụ onye na-anabata egwu Russia - M. Mussorgsky, I. Stravinsky. Stravinsky's ballets (karịsịa The Rite of Spring, nke juru ụwa egwu niile anya) nyeere onye na-ede egwú na-eto eto aka ịhụ ọhụụ ọhụrụ.

Ọbụna n'oge afọ agha, e kere akụkụ abụọ mbụ nke opera-oratorio trilogy "Oresteia: Agamemnon" (2) na "Choephors" (1914); Edere akụkụ nke 1915 nke Eumenides mgbe e mesịrị (3). Na trilogy, onye dere ya na-ahapụ ọkaibe echiche wee chọta asụsụ ọhụrụ, dị mfe karị. Rhythm na-aghọ ụzọ okwu ọnụ kachasị dị irè (ya mere, a na-ejikarị agụ egwu egwu egwu naanị). Otu n'ime Milhaud mbụ ji nchikota igodo dị iche iche n'otu oge (polytonality) ebe a iji kwalite esemokwu nke ụda. A sụgharịrị ma hazie ederede nke ọdachi Aeschylus site n'aka onye na-ede egwuregwu French a ma ama P. Claudel, enyi na onye nwere mmasị na Milhaud ruo ọtụtụ afọ. “Ahụrụ m onwe m n'ọnụ ọnụ ụzọ nka dị mkpa na ahụike… nke mmadụ na-enwe mmetụta ike, ume, mmụọ na ịdị nro nke a tọhapụrụ n'agbụ. Nke a bụ nkà Paul Claudel!” onye na-ede egwú mechara cheta.

Na 1916, a họpụtara Claudel onye nnọchianya na Brazil, Milhaud, dị ka odeakwụkwọ ya, sokwa ya gaa. Milhaud gosipụtara mmasị ya maka nchapụta nke agba nke ọdịdị okpomọkụ, oke egwu na ụbara nke akụkọ ọdịnala Latin America na egwu Brazil, ebe ngwakọta polytonal nke abụ na ihe nkwado na-enye ụda ahụ nkọ na ose. The Ballet Man and His Desire (1918, script nke Claudel) sitere n'ike egwu V. Nijinsky, onye gara Rio de Janeiro na ndị otu egwuregwu ballet Russia nke S. Diaghilev.

N'ịlaghachi na Paris (1919), Milhaud sonye na otu "Isii", ndị na-akpali echiche nke bụ onye na-ede egwú E. Satie na onye na-ede uri J. Cocteau. Ndị otu a megidere ikwubiga okwu ókè nke ịhụnanya ịhụnanya na mgbanwe mmetụta uche, maka nkà "ụwa", nkà nke "ụbọchị ọ bụla". Ụda nke narị afọ nke XNUMX na-abanye n'ime egwu nke ndị na-eto eto na-ede egwú: usoro nkà na ụzụ na ụlọ egwu egwu.

Ọtụtụ ballet nke Milhaud kere na 20s na-ejikọta mmụọ nke eccentricity, arụmọrụ omeiwu. Na ballet Bull on the Roof (1920, script site Cocteau), nke na-egosi ụlọ mmanya America n'oge afọ mmachi, a na-anụ abụ abụ nke ịgba egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ, dị ka tango. Na Creation of the World (1923), Milhaud tụgharịrị gaa n'ụdị jazz, na-ewere dị ka ihe atụ nke ndị egwú Harlem (Negro quarter nke New York), onye na-ede egwú zutere ụdị egwú a n'oge njem ya na United States. Na ballet "Salad" (1924), na-emegharị ọdịnala nke ihe ọchị nke masks, ụda egwú Italian ochie.

Nchọta Milhaud dịkwa iche iche n'ụdị operatic. Against backdrop nke ụlọ operas (ahụhụ nke Orpheus, The Poor Sailor, wdg) na-ebilite nnukwu ihe nkiri Christopher Columbus (mgbe Claudel gasịrị), bụ isi nke ọrụ onye na-ede egwú. Edere ọtụtụ ọrụ maka ihe nkiri egwu na 20s. N'oge a, e mekwara ụlọ 6 symphonies, sonatas, quartets, wdg.

Onye na-ede egwú agagharịala nke ukwuu. Na 1926 ọ gara USSR. Ihe omume ya na Moscow na Leningrad ahapụghị onye ọ bụla na-enweghị mmasị. Dị ka ndị ji anya ha hụrụ si kwuo, “ụfọdụ were iwe, ndị ọzọ nwere mgbagwoju anya, ndị ọzọ nwere echiche ziri ezi, ọbụnakwa ndị na-eto eto nwere mmasị.”

Na 30s, nkà Milhaud na-abịakwute nsogbu ọkụ nke ụwa nke oge a. Ya na R. Rolland. L. Aragon na ndị enyi ya, ndị òtù isii, Milhaud na-ekere òkè n'ọrụ nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Egwuregwu Ndị Mmadụ (ebe ọ bụ na 1936), na-ede abụ, ndị na-egwu egwú, na cantatas maka ìgwè ndị na-amu amu na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ. Na cantatas, ọ tụgharịrị gaa na isiokwu gbasara mmadụ ("Ọnwụ nke onye ọchịchị aka ike", "Peace Cantata", "Agha Cantata", wdg). Onye na-ede egwú na-edekwa egwu egwu ụmụaka, egwu maka ihe nkiri.

Mwakpo nke ndị agha Nazi na France manyere Milhaud ịkwaga United States (1940), bụ ebe ọ tụgharịrị n'ịkụzi ihe na Mills College (nke dị nso na Los Angeles). N'ịbụ onye ghọrọ prọfesọ na Paris Conservatory (1947) mgbe ọ laghachiri n'ala nna ya, Milhaud ahapụghị ọrụ ya na America ma na-aga ebe ahụ mgbe nile.

Ọ na-amasịkarị ya n'egwú akụrụngwa. Ka emechara egwu egwu isii maka mmemme ụlọ (nke e mere na 1917-23), o dekwara egwu egwu iri na abụọ ọzọ. Milhaud bụ onye edemede nke 12 quartets, orchestral suites, overtures na ọtụtụ concertos: maka piano (18), viola (5), cello (2), violin, oboe, harp, harpsichord, percussion, marimba na vibraphone nwere egwú. Mmasị Milhaud na isiokwu nke mgba maka nnwere onwe adịghị ada mbà (opera Bolivar - 2; Symphony nke anọ, nke e dere maka narị afọ nke mgbanwe nke 1943; Cantata Castle of Fire - 1848, raara onwe ya nye na ncheta nke ndị ihe metụtara. fasizim, ọkụ n'ogige ịta ahụhụ).

N'ime ọrụ nke afọ iri atọ gara aga, e dere n'ụdị dị iche iche: nnukwu ihe nkiri opera David (1952), nke e dere maka ncheta afọ 3000 nke Jerusalem, opera-oratorio St. nne "(1970, mgbe P. Beaumarchais gasịrị), ọtụtụ ballet (gụnyere "Mgbịrịgba" nke E. Poe), ọtụtụ ọrụ ngwá ọrụ.

Milhaud nọrọ afọ ole na ole gara aga na Geneva, na-aga n'ihu na-edepụta ma na-arụ ọrụ na mmecha akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya, My Happy Life.

K. Zenkin

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