Paleography egwu egwu |

Paleography egwu egwu (site na Greek palaios - ochie, ochie na grapo - m na-ede) - mpaghara nke uXNUMXbuXNUMXbhistorical musicology, egwu egwu pụrụ iche-akụkọ ihe mere eme. ịdọ aka ná ntị. Ọ na-amụ usoro ochie nke ndekọ egwu, ụkpụrụ evolushọn nke muses. akara, mgbanwe nke ha ndịna-emeputa. ụdị, yana ihe ncheta nke muses. ide (ch. arr. ihe odide na-abụ abụ maka ebumnuche nzuzo) n'ihe gbasara usoro egwu, oge na ebe okike, onye edemede. Ọnụ ego nke P.m. na-agụnye ọmụmụ akwụkwọ watermarks (filigrees), ihe na usoro nke music. ihe odide. Na omume nyocha nke oge a P.m. na-emekwa isi-vetch. ọrụ: njirimara, nkọwa na nhazi nke muses ejiri aka dee. ihe ncheta, nkọwa nke njikọ ụdị ha, ọmụmụ nke evolushọn nke ụdị n'onwe ha, wdg P. m. na-amụ usoro dị iche iche nke muses. ndekọ: mkpụrụedemede, dijitalụ, notolinear, na-eji pụrụ iche ot akara (ekphonetic, neumatic, znamenny, wdg).

Ebumnuche kacha nke egwu-paleographic. nnyocha - deciphering dị iche iche usoro nke muses. ndekọ na ntụgharị egwu. ederede nke ihe ncheta ejiri aka dee na oge a. akara akara. Ya mere, ihe kacha mkpa bara uru The ọrụ nke P. m. bụ mmepe nke usoro sayensị na ụzọ maka ịgụ egwu. ederede nke ihe odide ochie, mkpughe nke ntugharị ihe atụ nke ihe ngosi nka. asụsụ nke oge dị iche iche. N'okwu a, P.m. na-enyocha semantics nke muses. akwụkwọ ozi, gụnyere (na akụkụ akụkọ ihe mere eme) nsogbu nke ịtụ egwu egwu. ozi. P.m. na-echekwa ọtụtụ nsogbu ihu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. na egwu. usoro - genesis nke usoro nke muses. ihe ndekọ, nhazi ha na mmekọrịta ha na usoro evolushọn, ọdịdị nke evolushọn a, mmekọrịta nke okwu ọnụ na muses. ederede, njikọ mba-ihe atụ nke muses. Omenala nke ọdịnala ederede na akụkọ ifo, usoro maka ọmụmụ ihe egwu ejiri aka dee. ihe ncheta.

Kedu kpọmkwem. akụkụ nke P.m. a gụnyere na akụkọ ihe mere eme na philological. paleography, na-eji ụzọ ya si amụ ihe ejiri aka dee. P.m. dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. ịdọ aka ná ntị e hiwere na nkwụsị nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. musicology, paleography na egwu. isi mmalite ọmụmụ, ya mere, na Pm paleographic ụzọ na-ejikọta, egwu na nyocha. na egwu-akụkọ ihe mere eme. nnyocha, jiri usoro iwu. mmepe na ụzọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ, ozi tiori, na ndị ọzọ sayensị na ọzụzụ.

Nchọpụta egwu. Ihe ejiri aka dee na-agafe teknụzụ ndị a. usoro:

1) ihe omumu ihe omumu (nchọpụta ihe ncheta, nkọwa ya na nhazi ya);

2) paleographic n'ozuzu (ihe ọmụmụ paleographic nke ihe odide ahụ: njirimara mpụga, mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwaanyị, onye edemede, nchekwa, ụdị edemede nke okwu ọnụ na egwu egwu, pagination, wdg);

3) musical-paleographic (atụmatụ nke njikọ nke ederede okwu na egwu egwu, nhazi nke usoro ihe ndekọ egwu, nyocha ihe atụ na nhazi nke mgbagwoju anya na ihe ndị dị na egwu egwu, wdg). Egwu-paleographic. usoro nchọcha na-agụnye iji ihe atụ atụnyere akụkọ ihe mere eme, egwu na usoro iwu, mgbakọ na mwepụ. na ụzọ ndị ọzọ, gburugburu nke na-agbasawanye ka ihe onwunwe na-agbakọta na mmepe nke P. m. n'onwe ya dị ka nkà na ụzụ egwu. ọzụzụ.

Nsonaazụ nke egwu-paleographic. A na-egosipụta ọmụmụ ihe na mbipụta, gụnyere mbipụta facsimile nke muses. ihe ncheta nwere nyocha sayensị na nkọwa, nke na-enwekarị mmepe nke usoro maka ịkọwapụta na ịtụgharị egwu. ederede gaa na akara ngosi.

Na P.m., a pụrụ ịmata Russian. chanter paleography, egwu Byzantine (Grik). paleography, egwu Latin (Gregorian). paleography, ogwe aka. paleography music na mpaghara ndị ọzọ. Nkewa nkewa ahụ dabere na eserese, syntactic. na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke egwu. ndekọ na ebe ncheta mpaghara. Nke ọ bụla n'ime ebe ọmụmụ P.m. dabara na okirikiri nke ihe odide, dịka iwu, n'asụsụ ụfọdụ, nke nwere otu asụsụ. atụmatụ na usoro egwu eji eme ihe. ihe ndekọ. N'ọdịnihu, na-eji nlezianya dị ukwuu na nchịkọta ihe, ụdị P. m ọhụrụ nwere ike ịpụta.

Dị ka sayensị pụrụ iche, P.m. malitere inwe ọdịdị na 50s. Narị afọ nke 19 Nke dị mkpa bụ ọrụ ndị France. ọkà mmụta sayensị EA Kusmaker, bụ onye guzobere ọmụmụ nke Middle Ages. Egwu na-ede na ala sayensị siri ike ma gbaghaa echiche na-enweghị isi gbasara mmalite nke Western Europe. nevm. N'ikpeazụ, X. Riemann, O. Fleischer, P. Wagner nyere aka dị ukwuu n'ịmụ ihe na ịkọwapụta ederede ederede, na n'oge ọzọ - P. Ferretti, J. Handshin, E. Yammers na ndị ọzọ. Na 1889-1950 na France, n'okpuru nchịkọta akụkọ nke . A. Mokro (kamgbe 1931 – J. Gazhar) bipụtara nnukwu nchịkọta ihe ncheta nke ide ihe nhụsianya na nyocha zuru oke. nkọwa ("Paleographie musicale" - " Musical paleography", 19 vols.). Atụmatụ nke Byzantine Middle Ages. Ebu ụzọ kpuchie ọkwa n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ọrụ A. Gastuet na JB Thibaut na mbido narị afọ nke 19 na nke 20; Otú ọ dị, e nwetara ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma na mpaghara a n'ime 20s na 30s. ekele maka nyocha nke E. Welles, GJW Tilyard na K. Hög. Ha jisiri ike dezie nkọwapụta nke Middle Byzantine kpamkpam, nke meghere ụzọ ịghọta ihe ncheta ihe ncheta Paleo-Byzantine. Kemgbe 1935, e bipụtala usoro Monumentae musicae byzantinae (ihe ncheta nke egwu Byzantine), nke gụnyere akwụkwọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwuru na ọmụmụ ihe pụrụ iche. N'oge a Na ọrụ sayensị, echiche nke ihe jikọrọ ntọala nke Byzantine na-enwetawanye amara. na Western Europe na-abụghị ndị omempụ ederede na ohere nke ịmepụta otu P.m. zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-ekpuchi ụdị nile nke Middle Ages. ide egwu.

Rus. Ịbụ paleography na-enyocha abụ Slavic-Russian ihe ncheta ejiri aka dee nke 12th - mmalite. Narị afọ nke 18 (ihe odide dị iche iche - ruo narị afọ nke 20): Kondakari, Stihirari, Irmologii, Oktoikhi, wdg N'ime ihe odide ndị a, dịka iwu, a na-eji usoro ideographic (znamenny) eme ihe. ndekọ: kondakar, ogidi, njem, wdg N'otu oge ahụ, Russian na-abụ paleography weere notolinear ide, nke nwere na 17th narị afọ. kpọmkwem na Russia. atụmatụ (nke a na-akpọ ọkọlọtọ Kiev, nke a na-amụbeghị akụkụ ya nke ọma), yana ọkọlọtọ-notolinear manuscripts nke con. 17 - arịọ arịrịọ. narị afọ nke 18 (lee. Ugboro abụọ ọkọlọtọ), na-enye ohere iji tụnyere. nyocha nke abụọ semantically music nzuzo usoro. ntụ ọka. VM Undolsky (1846) na IP Sakharov (1849) malitere ọmụmụ akwụkwọ Znamenny. Egwu-paleographic. VF Odoevsky na VV Stasov mere nyocha. A ọhụrụ ogbo, nke nyere mkpa akụkọ ihe mere eme generalizations na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. nhazi nke ihe onwunwe, bụ ọrụ DV Razumovsky. Ntinye aka dị ịrịba ama maka mmepe nke nsogbu ndị Russia. Ọ bụ SV Smolensky, VM Metallov, AV Preobrazhensky, na VM Belyaev, MV Brazhnikov, ND Uspensky na ndị ọzọ webatara paleography nke abụ. Brazhnikov rụrụ ọrụ pụtara ìhè na mmepe nke sayensị. ihe ndabere nke Russian agụ paleography. O kere ihe ọmụmụ pụrụ iche na egwu egwu maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nkà mmụta egwu, nke ọ kụziiri na Leningrad Conservatory site na 1969 ruo na njedebe nke ndụ ya (1973). Ọ chepụtara kpọmkwem echiche nke Russian. ịbụ abụ paleography dị ka ọkà mmụta sayensị. ịdọ aka ná ntị (na mbụ, a na-atụle ọtụtụ akụkụ ya site na akụkọ gbasara ezinụlọ Russia ma ọ bụ nkà mmụta ihe ochie na-abụ ụka). Na oge a ogbo nke mmepe nke sayensị a ghọrọ ihe kasị mkpa isi iyi, methodological na muz.-paleographic. Nsogbu. Emepụtala usoro iji kọwaa ihe odide abụ n'ozuzu ya (Brazhnikov), mana edozibeghị okwu gbasara nhazi na nhazi nke Russian. ihe ncheta egwu, mmalite nke ụdị abụ; edozibeghị nsogbu nke mmalite nke Russian. usoro egwu. ndekọ site n'akụkụ syntactic na n'akụkụ semantics. Njikọ na nsogbu nke genesis bụ nsogbu nke koodu muses. ozi na usoro znamenny na evolushọn nke usoro znamenny onwe ha. Otu akụkụ nke evolushọn bụ ajụjụ gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme. oge nke edemede Znamenny (Brazhnikov tụrụ aro paleographic periodization dabere na-agbanwe eserese nke ọkọlọtọ); a na-emepụta nhazi nke usoro znamenny.

Otu n'ime isi nsogbu nke Russian agụ paleography - deciphering Znamenny leta nke na-abụghị akara oge (lee Kryuki). N'akwụkwọ sayensị, a chọpụtala ụzọ abụọ dị iche iche iji dozie nsogbu a. Otu n'ime ha bụ ụzọ "site na nke a ma ama ruo na-amaghị", ya bụ site na ụdị nkọwa nko ndị e mesịrị, nke nwere ọnụ ahịa ọnụahịa ("akara" na "mbinye aka") na ndị mbụ na-erubeghị nke ọma. deciphered. Usoro a bụ nke Smolensky wepụtara, mgbe e mesịrị, Metallov, Brazhnikov na-agbachitere ya, na I. Gardner na mba ọzọ. Ụzọ ọzọ nke ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ (M. Velimirovic, O. Strunk, K. Floros, K. Levi) na-adabere na ntụnyere ụdị Znamenny na Kondakar kacha ochie na akwụkwọ akụkọ Paleo-Byzantine. Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ụzọ ndị a naanị nwere ike iduga njedebe. iji dozie nsogbu ahụ, na iji nweta nsonaazụ dị mma, nke sitere na sayensị, mmekọrịta ha dị mkpa.

Ogwe aka. egwu paleography na-amụ usoro ochie nke muses. ihe ndekọ na ncheta nke Armenian. omenala egwu nke 5th-18th century. (site na narị afọ nke 8 - akara ngosi khaz). N'ime nchọpụta ọhụrụ a, ndị odee kwuru na e mepụtara usoro nrịbama nke nọọrọ onwe ya na Armenia, bụ nke nwere kpọmkwem nat. àgwà. Ogwe aka ochie. A na-anakọta ma mụọ ihe odide egwu na Steeti. ebe nchekwa ihe odide ochie n'okpuru Kansụl nke Ndị Ozi nke ogwe aka. SSR (Matenadaran), nke bụ mkpa ụwa. N'etiti isi nsogbu nke ogwe aka. paleography egwu na-agụnye mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwaanyị nke ihe odide mbụ, usoro ọmụmụ nke ogwe aka. notation na ịchọ prototypes nke haz notation, deciphering, na-amụ mmekọrịta nke Middle Ages. Prof. na Nar. egwu, wdg.

Mmepe nke egwu egwu-paleographic. nsogbu nke Armenian music paleography jikọtara ya na aha Gr. Gapasakalyan, E. Tntesyan, Komitas. Nke ikpeazụ maka oge mbụ welitere nsogbu nke genesis na evolushọn nke haz notation, malitere sayensị. egwu-paleographic. ọmụmụ ihe ncheta nke Armenian. omenala egwu; A na-atụle nsogbu usoro iwu na ọrụ XS Kushnarev, PA Atayan, NK Tagmizyan.

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GA Nikishov