Jean-Baptiste Lully |

Jean-Baptiste Lully

Lully Jean-Baptiste. Nkeji

Ole na ole bụ ezigbo ndị egwu French dị ka onye Ịtali a, naanị ya na France ka nọgidere na-ewu ewu ruo otu narị afọ. R. Rollan

JB Lully bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ede opera kacha mma na narị afọ nke XNUMX na onye guzobere ihe nkiri egwu French. Lully banyere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba opera ma dị ka onye okike nke ụdị ọhụrụ - egwu egwu egwu (dị ka a na-akpọ nnukwu opera akụkọ ifo na France), na dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri pụtara ìhè - ọ bụ n'okpuru nduzi ya ka Royal Academy of Music ghọrọ. Ụlọ opera nke mbụ na nke bụ isi na France, bụ nke mechara nweta aha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke a na-akpọ Grand Opera.

A mụrụ Lully n'ezinụlọ onye miller. Ikike egwu na iwe ọkụ nke onye ntorobịa dọtara uche nke Duke of Guise, onye, ​​ca. Na 1646 ọ kpọọrọ Lully gaa Paris, kenye ya ọrụ nke Princess Montpensier (nwanne Eze Louis XIV). N'ịbụ onye na-enwetaghị akwụkwọ egwu n'ala nna ya, bụ onye mgbe ọ dị afọ 14 nwere ike ịbụ abụ ma kpọọ guitar, Lully gụrụ akwụkwọ na-agụ egwú na Paris, na-amụkwa ihe n'ịkpọ ụbọ akwara na, karịsịa, violin kachasị amasị ya. Onye Ịtali na-eto eto, bụ onye meriri Louis XIV, mere ọrụ magburu onwe ya n'ụlọikpe ya. A nkà virtuoso, onye dịkọrọ ndụ kwuru banyere ya - "ịkpọ violin dị ka Baptiste", n'oge na-adịghị, ọ banyere ama orkestra "24 Violins nke Eze", ihe dị ka. 1656 haziri ma duru obere egwu egwu ya "16 Violins of the King". N'afọ 1653, Lully nwetara ọnọdụ nke "onye na-ede egwú nke ụlọ ikpe", ebe ọ bụ na 1662 ọ bụrịrị onye nlekọta nke egwu ụlọ ikpe, na 10 afọ mgbe e mesịrị - onye nwe patent maka ikike ịchọta Royal Academy of Music na Paris " site n’iji ikike a mee ihe ruo ogologo oge ndụ ma nyefee ya n’aka nwa nwoke ọ bụla ga-anọchi ya dị ka onye nlekọta nke egwú eze.” N'afọ 1681, Louis XIV ji akwụkwọ ozi ndị a ma ama na aha onye ndụmọdụ eze-odeakwụkwọ kwanyere ọkacha mmasị ya. N'ịbụ onye nwụrụ na Paris, Lully ruo na njedebe nke ụbọchị ya nọgidere na-abụ onye ọchịchị zuru oke nke ndụ egwu nke isi obodo French.

Ọrụ Lully malitere n'ụdị na ụdị ndị ahụ emepụtara ma zụlite na ụlọ ikpe nke "Sun King". Tupu ọ tụgharịa na opera, Lully n'ime iri afọ mbụ nke ọrụ ya (1650-60) dere egwu egwu (suites na divertissements maka ngwa ụdọ, mpempe onye ọ bụla na ngagharị maka ngwa ikuku, wdg), ihe egwu dị nsọ, egwu maka mmemme ballet (“ Ọrịa Cupid", "Alsidiana", "Ballet of Mocking", wdg). Na-ekere òkè mgbe niile na ballet ụlọ ikpe dị ka onye edemede nke egwu, onye nduzi, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-agba egwu, Lully mụtara omenala nke ịgba egwu French, ụda ya na ntinye na njiri mara ọkwa. Mmekọrịta ya na JB Molière nyeere onye na-ede egwú aka ịbanye n'ụwa nke ihe nkiri French, na-enwe mmetụta nke mba nke okwu ogbo, ime ihe, nduzi, wdg Lully na-ede egwú maka egwuregwu Molière (Alụmdi na nwunye n'amaghị ama, Princess of Elis, The Sicilian) , " Hụ onye na-agwọ ọrịa n'anya, wdg), na-arụ ọrụ Pursonjak na ihe nkiri "Monsieur de Pursonjac" na Mufti na "Onye ahịa na ndị isi". Ruo ogologo oge ọ nọgidere bụrụ onye mmegide nke opera, na-ekwere na asụsụ French adịghị mma maka ụdị a, Lully na mmalite 1670s. na mberede gbanwere echiche ya. N'oge 1672-86. o mere 13 egwu egwu egwu na Royal Academy of Music (gụnyere Cadmus na Hermione, Alceste, Theseus, Atys, Armida, Acis na Galatea). Ọ bụ ọrụ ndị a tọrọ ntọala ụlọ ihe nkiri French ma kpebie ụdị opera mba nke chịrị France ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ. “Lully kere otu opera mba France, bụ́ nke a na-ejikọta ma ederede na egwú na ụzọ mba si ekwu okwu na ihe ụtọ, nke na-egosipụta ma adịghị ike na omume ọma nke nkà French,” ka onye Germany na-eme nchọpụta bụ́ G. Kretschmer na-ede.

E hiwere ụdị egwu egwu Lully na njikọ chiri anya na ọdịnala nke ihe nkiri French nke oge Ochie. Ụdị nke nnukwu ihe omume ise nwere okwu mmalite, ụzọ nke ịgụgharị na egwuregwu ogbo, isi mmalite (akụkọ ifo Greek oge ochie, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Rome oge ochie), echiche na nsogbu omume (esemokwu nke mmetụta na ihe kpatara ya, agụụ na ọrụ). ) weta operas Lully nso na ọdachi P. Corneille na J. Racine. Ọ dịghị ihe na-adịchaghị mkpa bụ njikọ nke ọdachi lyrical na omenala nke mba ballet - nnukwu divertissements (tinyere egwu egwu na-abụghị ihe jikọrọ ya na ibé), ememe ememe, usoro, ememe, anwansi eserese, pastoral Mpaghara kwalitere ihe ịchọ mma na àgwà dị egwu. arụmọrụ opera. Omenala iwebata ballet nke bilitere n'oge Lully kwụsiri ike ma nọgide na opera French ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Mmetụta Lully pụtara n'ime ụlọ egwu egwu nke ngwụcha narị afọ nke XNUMX na mmalite narị afọ nke XNUMX. (G. Muffat, I. Fuchs, G. Telemann na ndị ọzọ). N'ịbụ ndị e dere na mmụọ nke ụdị ballet Lully, ha gụnyere egwu French na iberibe agwa. Gburugburu na opera na egwu akụrụngwa nke narị afọ nke XNUMX. natara ụdị nhụsianya pụrụ iche, nke weere ọnọdụ na ọdachi egwu egwu nke Lully (nke a na-akpọ "French" overture, nke nwere mmeghe ngwa ngwa, nke siri ike na akụkụ dị ike, na-agagharị).

Na ọkara nke abụọ nke XVIII narị afọ. ọdachi egwu egwu nke Lully na ndị na-eso ụzọ ya (M. Charpentier, A. Campra, A. Detouches), na ya na ụdị opera ụlọ ikpe dum, na-aghọ ihe mkparịta ụka kachasị mma, parodies, ịkwa emo ("agha nke buffons”, “agha nke glucian na picchinnist”) . Nkà, nke bilitere n'oge nke ụbọchị ike nke absolutism, ndị ha na Diderot na Rousseau dịkọrọ ndụ ghọtara dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma, nke na-adịghị ndụ, na-adọrọ adọrọ na nke mara mma. N'otu oge ahụ, ọrụ nke Lully, nke rụrụ ọrụ ụfọdụ na guzobe nke oké dike style na opera, dọtara uche nke opera composers (JF Rameau, GF Handel, KV Gluck), onye gravitated kwupụta monumentality, pathos. ezi uche, n'usoro nhazi nke dum.

I. Okhalova