Имре Калман (Imre Kálmán) |

Imre Kálmán

Amaara m na ọkara peeji nke akara Liszt ga-akarị operettas m niile, ma ndị ederelarị na ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu… Ndị na-agụ egwú ga-enwe ndị na-amasị ha na ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi. Ma tinyere ha, a ghaghị inwe ndị na-ede ihe nkiri bụ ndị na-adịghị eleghara ìhè, na-enwe obi ụtọ, ndị amamihe, na-eji ejiji egwu egwu egwu, nke Johann Strauss bụ onye a ma ama. I. Kalman

A mụrụ ya n'otu obodo na-eme njem nke dị n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Balaton. Mmetụta egwu mbụ na nke a na-apụghị ihichapụ nke obere Imre bụ nkuzi piano nke nwanne ya nwanyị Wilma, violin nke Prọfesọ Lilde na-akpọ, onye na-ezu ike na Siofok, na operetta "Die Fledermaus" nke I. Strauss dere. Ụlọ mgbatị ahụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ egwu dị na Budapest, klas X. Kesler na-eme ihe na F. Liszt Academy, na n'otu oge ahụ na-amụ iwu na ngalaba iwu nke mahadum - ndị a bụ isi ọkwa na agụmakwụkwọ nke onye na-ede egwú n'ọdịnihu. Ọ malitere ide egwu ugbua n'afọ akwụkwọ ya. Ndị a bụ ọrụ symphonic, egwu, mpekere piano, akwa maka cabaret. Kalman nwalekwara onwe ya na ngalaba nkatọ egwu, na-arụ ọrụ maka afọ 4 (1904-08) na akwụkwọ akụkọ Peshti Naplo. Ọrụ ihe nkiri mbụ nke onye dere ya bụ ihe nketa operetta Peresleni (1906). Ọ tara ahụhụ na-adịghị mma: ebe ọ hụrụ mgbagha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ọtụtụ akụkụ, ndị ọchịchị gọọmenti gbalịrị ịhụ na e wepụrụ ọrụ ahụ ngwa ngwa na ogbo. Nghọta bịara Kalman mgbe mmalite nke operetta Autumn Maneuvers gasịrị. Emebere ya na Budapest (1908), emesia na Vienna, emesia ọ gagharịrị ọtụtụ ọkwa na Europe, South Africa na America.

Egwuregwu egwu egwu ndị a wetara onye na-ede egwú ama ama n'ụwa nile: "Soldier on Vacation" (1910), "Gypsy Premier" (1912), "Queen of Czardas" (1915, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka "Silva"). Kalman ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị edemede kachasị ewu ewu nke ụdị a. Ndị nkatọ kwuru na egwu ya na-eguzo na ntọala siri ike nke egwu ndị mmadụ ma na-egosipụta n'ụzọ doro anya mmetụta miri emi nke mmadụ, abụ olu ya dị mfe, ma n'otu oge ahụ mbụ na uri, na njedebe nke operettas bụ ezigbo ihe osise symphonic n'ihe gbasara mmepe, nke mbụ- Usoro klas na ngwá ọrụ na-egbuke egbuke.

Ihe okike Kalman ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ ya kacha elu na 20s. N'oge ahụ, o biri na Vienna, ebe a na-eme ihe ngosi nke "La Bayadere" (1921), "Countess Maritza" (1924), "Princess of the Circus" (1926), "Violets of Montmartre" (1930). Mmesapụ aka na-atọ ụtọ nke egwu nke ọrụ ndị a kere echiche na-eduhie eduhie n'etiti ndị na-ege ntị nke enweghị mmasị na ịdị mfe nke pen onye na-ede egwú Kalman. Ma n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ naanị ihe efu, Kalman, bụ onye nwere ọmarịcha ọchị, n'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara nwanne ya nwanyị dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ọ ghara imechu ndị nwere mmasị n'ọrụ ya ma kwuo okwu banyere ọrụ ya dị ka nke a: "Nwanne m nwoke na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ya na-ezukọ kwa ụbọchị. . Ha na-aṅụ ọtụtụ lita kọfị ojii, na-ese sịga na sịga na-enweghị atụ, na-akọ njakịrị… na-arụrịta ụka, na-achị ọchị, na-ese okwu, tie mkpu… Na mberede, otu ụbọchị mara mma, operetta adịla njikere. "

N'ime afọ 30. onye na-ede egwú na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu na ụdị egwu ihe nkiri, dere akụkọ ihe mere eme operetta The Devil's Rider (1932), ihe ngosi ya bụ nke ikpeazụ Kalman na Vienna. Ihe iyi egwu nke fasizim na-adabere na Europe. Na 1938, mgbe ndị Nazi Germany weghasịrị Austria, a manyere Kalman na ezinụlọ ya ịkwaga. Ọ nọrọ afọ 2 na Switzerland, na 1940 ọ kwagara USA, na mgbe agha, na 1948, ọ laghachiri Europe ọzọ biri na Paris.

Kalman, tinyere I. Strauss na F. Lehar, bụ onye nnọchiteanya nke ihe a na-akpọ Viennese operetta. O dere ọrụ iri abụọ n'ụdị a. Nnukwu ewu ewu nke operettas ya bụ n'ihi na egwu egwu dị - na-egbuke egbuke, dị egwu, na-egbuke egbuke. Onye na-ede egwú n'onwe ya kwetara na egwu P. Tchaikovsky na karịsịa nkà ndị egwú nke nna ukwu Russia nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ọrụ ya.

Ọchịchọ Kalman, n'okwu ya, "ịkpọ egwu n'ọrụ ya site n'ala ala obi ya" nyere ya ohere ịgbasa akụkụ egwu nke ụdị ahụ n'ụzọ pụrụ iche wee pụọ na okirikiri operetta clichés dị egwu maka ọtụtụ ndị na-ede egwú. Na agbanyeghị na ndabere edemede nke operettas ya anaghị adịkarị na egwu egwu, ikike nka nke ọrụ onye na-ede ihe kariri mperi a. Ọrụ kacha mma nke Kalman ka na-achọ ihe nkiri nke ọtụtụ ihe nkiri egwu na ụwa.

I. Vetlitsyna

A mụrụ Imre Kalman n'October 24, 1882 na obere obodo Hungary nke Siofok nke dị n'ikpere mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri Balaton. Nkà egwu ya nwere ọtụtụ ihe. N'oge ntorobịa ya, ọ rọrọ nrọ maka ọrụ dị ka onye pianist virtuoso, ma, dị ka arụsị nke oge ntorobịa ya, Robert Schumann, a manyere ya ịhapụ nrọ a site na "iti" aka ya. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ọ na-echesi ike banyere ọrụ nke onye nkatọ egwu, ịbụ onye ọrụ nke otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ Hungarian kasị ukwuu, Pest Naplo. Ahụmahụ mbụ ya na-edepụta bụ ihe nrịbama ọha: na 1904, n'otu egwu nke ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Budapest Academy of Music, a rụrụ ọrụ diplọma ya, scherzo Saturnalia symphonic, wee nye ya ihe nrite obodo Budapest maka ụlọ na ọrụ olu. N'afọ 1908, ihe ngosi nke mbụ operetta ya, Autumn Maneuvers, mere na Budapest, bụ nke na-aga n'ihu na mpaghara niile nke isi obodo Europe ma bụrụ nke e mere n'ofe oké osimiri (na New York). Kemgbe 1909, a na-ejikọta akụkọ ndụ Kalman na Vienna ruo ogologo oge. Na 1938, a manyere onye na-ede egwú ịkwaga mba ọzọ. O biri na Zurich, na Paris, kemgbe 1940 - na New York. Kalman laghachiri Europe naanị na 1951. Ọ nwụrụ na October 30, 1953 na Paris.

Enwere ike ịmata oge atọ na mmalite mmalite nke Kalman. Nke mbụ, na-ekpuchi afọ 1908-1915, bụ nke e ji guzobe ụdị onwe ya. N'ime ọrụ nke afọ ndị a ("Soldier on Vacation", "The Little King", wdg), "Prime Gypsy" (1912) pụtara. Ma atụmatụ nke operetta "Hungarian" a (esemokwu dị n'etiti "nna na ụmụaka", ihe nkiri ịhụnanya jikọtara ya na ihe nkiri okike nke onye na-ese ihe), na mkpebi egwu ya na-egosi na onye na-eto eto na-ede egwú, na-agbaso nzọụkwụ Lehar, adịghị ebipụta. nchoputa ya, ma okike na-etolite, na-ewu ụdị mbụ nke ụdị. Na 1913, mgbe o desịrị The Gypsy Premier, o mere ka o doo anya dị ka nke a: “N'ime operetta ọhụrụ m, agbalịrị m isi n'ụdị ịgba egwú kasị amasị m pụọ, na-ahọrọ ịkpọ egwú sitere n'ala ala obi m. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, m bu n'obi inye ndị na-egwu egwu egwu ọrụ ka ukwuu, bụ nke n'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya na-etinye aka naanị dị ka ihe enyemaka na iji mejupụta ogbo. Dị ka ihe nlereanya, m na-eji klas operetta anyị, nke na-abụ abụ abụghị nanị na ọ dị mkpa ịbụ abụ ha-ha-ha na ah na njedebe ikpeazụ, ma na-ekerekwa òkè dị ukwuu n'omume. Na "Gypsy Premiere" mmepe mara mma nke ụkpụrụ Hungarian-Gypsy dọtakwara ntị. Ọkachamara na-agụ egwú Austrian a ma ama Richard Specht (nke na-abụghị onye na-akwado operetta) kpọpụtara Kalman n'akụkụ a dị ka onye na-ede egwú "kachasị ewu ewu" bụ onye "guzo n'ala okomoko nke egwu ndị mmadụ."

Oge nke abụọ nke ọrụ Kalman na-emepe na 1915 na "Queen of Csardas" ("Silva"), wee mezue ya na "Empress Josephine" (1936), nke a na-emeghị na Vienna, ma n'èzí Austria, na Zurich. N'ime afọ ndị a nke ntozu oke okike, onye na-ede egwú kere operettas ya kacha mma: La Bayadère (1921), The Countess Maritza (1924), The Circus Princess (1926), Duchess nke Chicago (1928), Violet nke Montmartre (1930) .

N'ime ọrụ ikpeazụ ya "Marinka" (1945) na "Lady of Arizona" (nke nwa onye na-ede egwú dechara ma mee ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị) - Kalman na-arụ ọrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na USA. N'ụzọ okike ya, ha na-anọchi anya ụdị okwu ikpeazụ na anaghị ewebata mgbanwe dị mkpa na nkọwa nke ụdị nke mepụtara na etiti etiti evolushọn.

Echiche ogbo egwu Kalman bụ onye ọ bụla. A na-eji ya mara, nke mbụ, site na ọkwa dị otú ahụ nke ihe nkiri na esemokwu na mmepe nke isi ihe omume, nke operetta na-amaghị na mbụ. Mmasị nke ọnọdụ ogbo pụtara na-ejikọta ya na okwu siri ike na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya: ebe egwu Lehar nke mmetụta ịhụnanya na-atọ ụtọ, ezigbo mmụọ Kalman na-ama jijiji. Ọdịiche dị n'ụdị dị iche iche na-apụta nke ọma n'ime onye edemede La Bayadère, ụzọ egwu egwu na-ewepụta site na nchapụta nke mkparịta ụka ọchị ọchị nke akọwara nke ọma. Melos, dị ka ọgaranya ma dị iche iche dị ka nke Legar, nwere mmetụta uche juputara na erotica, ọ na-eji ụda egwu na ụda jazz eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe.

Ụdị operatic nke Kalman nke ụdị a na-egosi nke ọma - ma na nkọwa nke nkata na n'ụdị egwu; ọ bụghị ihe ndaba na a na-akpọ "Silva" "nkọwa nke operetta nke "La Traviata", na "The Violet of Montmartre" ka e ji tụnyere Puccini's "La Boheme" (ya na ihe niile mere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Murger jere ozi dị ka ntọala nkata. nke abụọ ọrụ). A na-ekpughekwa ọdịdị operatic nke echiche Kalman n'ụzọ doro anya na ngalaba nhazi na ihe nkiri. Mgbakọ, na karịsịa nnukwu njedebe nke omume, na-aghọrọ ya isi ihe dị mkpa nke ụdị na oge isi ihe; Ọrụ nke ndị ukwe na ndị na-egwu egwu dị ukwuu n'ime ha, ha na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-azụlite leitmotifism, ma na-ejupụta na mmepe symphonic. Agba ikpeazụ na-ahazi usoro ihe nkiri egwu niile ma nye ya nlebara anya ezi uche dị na ya. operettas nke Lehar enweghị ụdị iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe dị egwu, mana ha na-egosi ụdị nhọrọ nhazi dị iche iche. Na Kalman, Otú ọ dị, ihe owuwu ahụ, nke akọwapụtara na Gypsy Premiere ma mesịa guzobe na The Queen of Czardas, na-eji obere mgbanwe na ọrụ niile na-esote. Ọchịchọ nke ịdị n'otu ihe owuwu, n'ezie, na-emepụta ihe ize ndụ nke nguzobe nke ụkpụrụ ụfọdụ, Otú ọ dị, n'ime ọrụ kachasị mma nke onye na-ede egwú, a na-emeri ihe ize ndụ a site na mmejuputa nkwenye nke atụmatụ a nwalere ma nwalee, nchapụta nke asụsụ egwu, na enyemaka nke ihe oyiyi.

N. Degtyareva

• Neo-Viennese operetta →

Ndepụta nke nnukwu operettas:

(Ụbọchị dị na mbikọ)

"Mgbụsị akwụkwọ Maneuvers", libretto nke C. Bakoni (1908) onye agha na ezumike, libretto nke C. Bakoni (1910) Gypsy Premier, libretto nke J. Wilhelm na F. Grünbaum (1912) Queen nke Czardas (Silva), libretto site n'aka. L. Stein na B. Jenbach (1915) Nwa nwanyị Dutch, libretto nke L. Stein na B. Jenbach (1920) La Bayadère, libretto nke J. Brammer na A. Grunwald (1921) “Countess Maritza” dere, libretto nke J. Brammer dere. na A. Grunwald (1924) "Princess nke Circus" ("Mr. X"), libretto nke J. Brammer na A. Grunwald (1926) The Duchess si Chicago, libretto nke J. Brammer na A. Grunwald (1928) Violet nke Montmartre, libretto nke J. Brammer na A. Grunwald (1930) “Onye na-agba Ekwensu”, libretto nke R. Schanzer na E. Welish (1932) “Empress Josephine”, libretto nke P. Kneppler na G. Hercella dere (1936). 1945) Marinka, libretto nke K. Farkas na J. Marion (1954) The Arizona Lady, libretto nke A. Grunwald na G. Behr (XNUMX, nke Karl Kalman dechara)