Alfred Garrievich Schnittke |

Alfred Schnittke

Art bụ ihe ịma aka nke nkà ihe ọmụma. World Congress of Philosophy 1985

A. Schnittke bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ukwuu Soviet composers nke a na-akpọ ọgbọ nke abụọ. A na-eji ọrụ Schnittke mara nke ọma nlebara anya na nsogbu nke ọgbara ọhụrụ, na ọdịnihu nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ na omenala mmadụ. A na-eji echiche ndị buru ibu mara ya, ihe nkiri dị iche iche, ngosipụta siri ike nke ụda egwu. N’ihe odide ya, ọdachi nke bọmbụ atọm, ọgụ a na-alụ megide ihe ọjọọ na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị n’ụwa, ọdachi omume nke ịrara mmadụ nye, na ịrịọ ezi ihe e ketara n’àgwà mmadụ nwetara mmetụta dị ukwuu.

Ụdị isi nke ọrụ Schnittke bụ symphonic na ụlọ. Onye na-ede egwú kere symphonies 5 (1972, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1988); 4 concertos maka violin na ndị egwú (1957, 1966, 1978, 1984); concertos maka obo na harp (1970), maka piano (1979), viola (1965), cello (1986); Iberibe ndị egwu egwu Pianissimo… (1968), Passacaglia (1980), Ritual (1984), (K) ein Sommernachtstraum (Ọ bụghị Shakespearean, 1985); 3 concerti grossi (1977, 1982, 1985); Serenade maka ndị egwu 5 (1968); piano quintet (1976) na ụdị egwu egwu ya - "Na memoriam" (1978); "Biography" maka percussion (1982), Anthems for Ensemble (1974-79), String Trio (1985); 2 sonatas maka violin na piano (1963, 1968), Sonata maka cello na piano (1978), "Nraranye nye Paganini" maka violin solo (1982).

Ezubere ọtụtụ ọrụ Schnittke maka ogbo; The ballets Labyrinths (1971), Sketches (1985), Peer Gynt (1987) na ogbo mejupụtara The Yellow Sound (1974).

Dị ka ụdị onye na-ede egwú si malite, ụda olu na ụda olu ghọrọ ihe dị mkpa na ọrụ ya: uri atọ nke Marina Tsvetaeva (1965), Requiem (1975), Three Madrigals (1980), "Minnesang" (1981), "Akụkọ nke Dr. Johann Faust" (1983), Concerto maka ukwe na St. G. Narekatsi (1985), "Poems nke nchegharị" (1988, ruo 1000th ncheta nke baptizim nke Russia).

N'ezie ọhụrụ bụ ọrụ Schnittke na-atọ ụtọ nke ukwuu na egwu ihe nkiri: "Agony", "Glass Harmonica", "Pushkin's Drawings", "Arịgoro", "Farewell", "Little Tragedies", "Mkpụrụ Obi Nwụrụ Anwụ", wdg.

N'ime ndị na-egwu egwu Schnittke mgbe niile bụ ndị egwu Soviet kacha ukwuu: G. Rozhdestvensky, O. Kagan, Yu. Bashmet, N. Gutman, L. Isakadze. V. Polyansky, quartets nke Mosconcert, ha. L. Beethoven na ndị ọzọ. A na-amata ọrụ nke nna ukwu Soviet n'ụwa niile.

Schnittke gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Moscow Conservatory (1958) na post-gụsịrị akwụkwọ ọmụmụ (ibid., 1961) na klas nke ndị mejupụtara E. Golubev. N'afọ 1961-72. Na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkụzi na Moscow Conservatory, na mgbe ahụ dị ka a freelance artist.

Ọrụ mbụ nke meghere "Schnittke tozuru okè" ma buru ụzọ kpebie ọtụtụ atụmatụ maka mmepe ọzọ bụ violin Concerto nke abụọ. A na-ejikọta isiokwu ebighi ebi nke nhụjuanya, nraranye, imeri ọnwụ n'ebe a na-egbuke egbuke dị iche iche dramaturgy, ebe akara nke "ezi omume" e guzobere solo violin na otu eriri, ahịrị nke "na-adịghị mma" - a okpukpu abụọ bass kewara. pụọ site na eriri eriri, ikuku, ụda, piano.

Otu n'ime ọrụ etiti Schnittke bụ Symphony nke mbụ, echiche kachasị nke bụ akara ngosi nka, dị ka ngosipụta nke vicissitudes nke mmadụ na ụwa nke oge a.

Na nke mbụ na egwu Soviet, n'otu ọrụ, e gosipụtara nnukwu panorama nke egwu nke ụdị niile, ụdị na ntụziaka: oge ​​ochie, egwu avant-garde, chorales oge ochie, waltzes kwa ụbọchị, polkas, marches, songs, guitar tunes, jazz , wdg. Onye na-ede egwú na-etinye usoro nke polystylists ebe a na collage, yana usoro nke "ihe nkiri ihe nkiri" (mmegharị nke ndị na-egwu egwú na ogbo). Ihe nkiri doro anya nyere ntụzịaka ezubere iche maka mmepe nke ihe mara mma nke ukwuu, na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ezigbo nka na nka, yana n'ihi nke a na-akwado ezigbo mma.

Schnittke jiri polystylists mee ihe dị ka ụzọ doro anya iji gosipụta esemokwu dị n'etiti nkwekọrịta oge gboo nke echiche ụwa na nke oge a n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ - Violin Sonata nke Abụọ, Symphonies nke Abụọ na nke atọ, nke atọ na nke anọ Violin Concertos, Viola Concerto, "Nraranye nye Paganini", wdg.

Schnittke kpughere akụkụ ọhụrụ nke talent ya n'oge oge "retro", "dị mfe ọhụrụ", nke pụtara na mberede na egwu Europe na 70s. N'ịbụ onye na-enwe mmetụta nke enweghị mmasị maka egwu a na-egosipụta, o kere Requiem na-egbu egbu, Piano Quintet - na-arụ ọrụ ndụ ya na ọnwụ nne ya, mgbe ahụ nna ya. Na na mejupụtara a na-akpọ "Minnesang" maka 52 solo olu, a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ezi songs nke German minnesingers nke XII-XIII narị afọ. ọ jikọtara n'ime usoro "oke olu" ọgbara ọhụrụ (ọ chere na ndị otu na-abụ abụ na mbara ihu nke obodo Europe ochie). N'ime oge "retro", Schnittke tụgharịrị gaa na isiokwu egwu Russia, na-eji ezigbo egwu Russian oge ochie na Hymns for the Ensemble.

80s ghọrọ maka onye na-ede egwú otu ogbo na njikọ nke ụkpụrụ lyrical na ụda olu, nke toro na "retro", yana ọtụtụ echiche symphonic nke oge gara aga. Na Symphony nke abụọ, na akwa orchestral dị mgbagwoju anya, ọ gbakwunyere atụmatụ dị iche iche n'ụdị ezigbo ụda Gregorian monophonic - "n'okpuru dome" nke egwu egwu nke oge a, ụda oge ochie na-ada ụda. Na Symphony nke atọ, nke edere maka mmeghe nke ụlọ egwu egwu ọhụrụ Gewandhaus (Leipzig), a na-enye akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu German (Austro-German) site na Middle Ages ruo ugbu a n'ụdị stylistic hints, ihe karịrị 30 isiokwu. A na-eji - monograms nke ndị na-ede egwú. Ihe mejupụtara a na-eji njedebe egwu sitere n'obi mechie.

Ụdọ ụdọ nke abụọ bụ njikọ nke ederede oge ochie nke Russia na echiche dị egwu nke atụmatụ symphonic. Ihe egwu egwu ya nile sitere na nkwuputa sitere na akwukwo N. Uspensky "Samples of Old Russian Singing Art" - asịrị monophonic, stichera, abụ olu atọ. N'oge ụfọdụ, a na-echekwa ụda mbụ ahụ, ma na isi ọ na-agbanwe nke ọma - a na-enye ya dissonance nke oge a, ihe na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ nke mmegharị.

Na njedebe nke ọrụ a, a na-eme ka ihe nkiri ahụ dịkwuo nkọ na iwebata akwa arịrị nke okike, na-asụ ude. N'ikpeazụ, site na eriri quartet, a na-emepụta echiche efu nke ụda egwu egwu na-adịghị ahụ anya na-eme abụ ochie. N'ihe gbasara ọdịnaya na agba agba, quartet a na-ekwughachi ihe oyiyi nke ihe nkiri L. Shepitko "Arịgoro" na "Farewell".

Otu n'ime ọrụ kachasị mma nke Schnittke bụ cantata ya "Akụkọ nke Dr. Johann Faust" dabere na ederede sitere na "akwụkwọ ndị mmadụ" na 1587. Ihe oyiyi nke warlock, omenala maka omenala Europe, onye rere mkpụrụ obi ya nye ekwensu maka ya. ịdị mma na ndụ, onye na-ede egwú kpugheere ya n'oge kachasị dị egwu nke akụkọ ihe mere eme ya - oge ntaramahụhụ maka ihe ha mere, dị mma ma dị egwu.

Onye na-ede egwú nyere egwu na-adọrọ adọrọ site n'enyemaka nke usoro mbelata stylistic - iwebata ụdị tango (Mephistopheles' aria, nke pop contralto mere) na njedebe ikpeazụ nke mgbuchapụ ahụ.

Na 1985, n'ime obere oge, Schnittke dere 2 n'ime ọrụ ya ndị bụ isi na nke kachasị mkpa - egwu egwu egwu egwu nke onye Armenia na-eche echiche na onye na-ede uri nke narị afọ nke XNUMX. G. Narekatsi na egwu viola. Ọ bụrụ na egwu egwu egwu egwu cappella jupụtara na ìhè ugwu na-egbuke egbuke, mgbe ahụ viola Concerto ghọrọ ọdachi na-ada ụda, bụ nke na-edozi naanị site na ịma mma nke egwu. Imebiga ihe ókè site n'ọrụ dugara n'ọdachi dị egwu nke ahụike onye dere ya. A na-ebipụta nlọghachi nke ndụ na ihe okike na Cello Concerto, nke n'echiche ya bụ mirror-symmetrical na viola: na njedebe ikpeazụ, cello, nke a na-amụba site na ngwá electronic, na-ekwusi ike na "uche nka".

Na-ekere òkè n'ichepụta ihe nkiri, Schnittke mere ka ikike nke uche nke mmadụ dum dịkwuo elu, na-emepụta ụgbọ elu mmetụta uche na nke semantic na egwu. A na-ejikwa egwu ihe nkiri na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ọrụ egwu: na mbụ Symphony na Suite na ụdị ochie maka violin na piano, egwu sitere na fim World "Taa" ("Ma m kwenyere") na-ada, na Concerto mbụ. grosso - tango sitere na "Agony" na isiokwu sitere na "Butterfly", na "Ihe ngosi atọ" maka ụda olu na egwu egwu - egwu sitere na "obere ọdachi", wdg.

Schnittke bụ onye a mụrụ nke nnukwu canvases egwu, echiche na egwu. Ihe mgbagwoju anya nke ụwa na omenala, ihe ọma na ihe ọjọọ, okwukwe na obi abụọ, ndụ na ọnwụ, nke jupụtara n'ọrụ ya, na-eme ka ọrụ nke onye isi Soviet bụrụ nkà ihe ọmụma nke mmetụta uche.

V. Kholopova