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ije ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, nloghachi, ma ọ bụ tụgharịa, mmegharị (lat. na-agba agba, na-agba agba, site na mmegharị retrograde; ital riverso, alla riversa, rivoltato, al rovescio na-egosikwa ngbanwe nke isiokwu, mgbagha; German Krebsgang - shellfish) - ụdị mgbanwe ụda olu pụrụ iche, polyphonic. gburugburu ma ọ bụ otu akụkụ egwu. ihe owuwu, nke mejupụtara na arụmọrụ nke abụ abụ a (ụlọ) site na njedebe ruo mmalite. R. wdg dị ka egwuregwu oge ochie nke nka okwu - palindrome, mana, n'ụzọ dị iche na ya dị ka Ch. arr. ụdị anya, R. wdg enwere ike ịhụ ya site na ntị. Usoro mgbagwoju anya R. wdg achọtara naanị na prof. uwe; nkọwa ya na-emetụta àgwà nke muses. ihe oyiyi, ma n'ime ihe atụ kachasị mma, usoro a dị n'okpuru ihe mgbaru ọsọ na-egosipụta elu, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. ndị na-agụ egwú pụtara ìhè akwụsịghị ya n'ọrụ ha. Ihe atụ mbụ a maara nke R. wdg dị na otu n'ime nkebiokwu nke oge nke Paris School (Notre Dame). Mgbe e mesịrị R. wdg ndị nna ukwu nke polyphony ji mee ihe ugboro ugboro, na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a na-ekpebi ịrịọ arịrịọ ya site n'ihe ederede pụtara. R. wdg a na-ewerekarị dị ka ihe ngosi nka. akara nke echiche nke ebighi ebi, enweghi ngwụcha (dịka ọmụmaatụ, akwụkwọ ikike nke akụkụ atọ nke S. Scheidt na "Tabulatura nova" na okwu ndị sitere na Abụ Ọma nke 30 "non confundar in aeternum" - "ka m ghara ime ihere ruo mgbe ebighị ebi") ma ọ bụ jiri ya dị ka nkọwa nkọwa (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Pierre de la Rue's Missa Alleluia ka kọwapụta okwu ndị sitere n’Oziọma Mak “vade retro Satanas” – “Si n’ebe m nọ pụọ, Setan”). Otu n'ime egwu kachasị ama na mma. ụda ihe atụ – rondo akụkụ atọ nke G. de Machaux "Njedebe m bụ mmalite m, mmalite m bụ njedebe m": ebe a, n'ozuzu ya, a na-emepụta ụkpụrụ nke ọma. ụdị, ebe akụkụ nke abụọ (site na nha 2) bụ ihe ewepụtara nke akụkụ nke mbụ (ya na nhazigharị nke olu elu). Ojiji nke usoro mmegharịgharị oge ochie site n'aka ndị na-ahụ maka mgbochi ochie (karịsịa, ndị dere ụlọ akwụkwọ Dutch; lee, dịka ọmụmaatụ, motet isorhythmic “Balsamus et mundi” nke Dufay) kwesịrị ịtụle dị ka prof. nnyocha dị iche iche teknuzu na awara awara. ohere nke polyphony n'oge e guzobere ntọala nke nkà a (akwụkwọ ikike na 35th Magnificat nke Palestrina kwenye na nke zuru okè mastery nke Usoro, ihe atụ). Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri con. Narị afọ 17-18 jikwa R. ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-aghọ obere ihe. Ee, I. C. Bach, o doro anya na ọ na-achọ imesi ike nke ọma nke ọma na mmepe ya na "onyinye egwu" nke "isiokwu eze", na-ewebata akụkụ abụọ na-adịghị agwụ agwụ "Canon cancricans" nke ụdị nke mbụ na mmalite ya. N'ime nkeji oge sitere na Haydn's sonata A-dur (Hob. XVI, Mba 26) akụkụ nke ọ bụla nke ụdị akụkụ atọ gbagwojuru anya bụ akụkụ abụọ nke ejiri mmegharị nlọghachi, yana nke R. wdg adịghị emegide ịdị mma nke egwu. Rakohodnaya iṅomi na mbụ jikoro nke mmepe nke 4th ije nke symphony C-dur ("Jupiter") V. A.

Na omume, ihe ndị na-esonụ nke iji R. d. na-iche: 1) na c.-l. n'otu olu (dị ka nṅomi nke WA Mozart na L. Beethoven kwuru); 2) na olu niile dị ka ụzọ nke ịmepụta ihe mmepụta ihe (dị ka ihe atụ ndị e nyere site na ọrụ H. de Machaux na J. Haydn); 3) canon canon (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na JS Bach). Na mgbakwunye, R.d. nwere ike na-etolite nnọọ mgbagwoju Nchikota na ndị ọzọ melodic ụzọ. mgbanwe isiokwu. Ya mere, a na-ahụ ihe atụ nke canon mirror-reverse na WA ​​Mozart (canons anọ maka violin abụọ, K.-V. Anh. 284 dd), J. Haydn.

J. Haydn. Canon enyo.

N'ihe metụtara mmụba mmasị na egwu mbụ na narị afọ nke 20. enwere mmasị ọzọ na usoro nke R. d. Na omume onye na-ede egwú, e nwere ihe atụ ma dịtụ mfe (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Imitation nke EK Golubev, na nchịkọta "Polyphonic Pieces", mbipụta 1, M., 1968), na ndị ọzọ mgbagwoju anya (dịka, na No. 8 si Shchedrin's "Polyphonic"). Akwụkwọ ndetu”, nkwughachi bụ ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe owuwu ụlọ mmanya mbụ 14; na fugue olu atọ dị na F, a na-emepụta ihe nrụpụta symmetrical sitere na mmanya 31 sitere na P. Hindemith's neoclassical in general orientation of piano cycle “Ludus tonalis” ) , Mgbe ụfọdụ na-eru sophistication (n'otu op. Hindemith, oghere prelude okirikiri na postlude agwụcha ya na-anọchi anya mbụ na derivative Nchikota nke mirror-cracker counterpoint; na No18 si Schoenberg's Lunar Pierrot, mbụ 10 jikoro bụ mmalite Nchikota na. ụdị nke canon abụọ, mgbe ahụ - ihe mmepụta rakokhodny, mgbagwoju anya site na ihe owuwu fugue na akụkụ nke fp.). Ojiji nke egwu rhythmic na egwu serial dị nnọọ iche. O nwere ike ịbụ ihe dị na nhazi nke usoro ahụ n'onwe ya (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na usoro fec-agd-as-des-es-ges-bh nke dị n'okpuru Berg's Lyric Suite, ọkara nke abụọ bụ mgbanwe mgbanwe nke mbụ); mgbanwe oge ụfọdụ nke usoro abụọ ahụ (lee Dodecaphony) na akụkụ dum nke ọrụ bụ ihe eji eme ihe na egwu dodecaphonic. Agba ikpeazụ nke symphony op. 2 Webern (lee ihe atụ n'okpuru).

Olu elu nke isiokwu (clarinet) bụ usoro ụda 12, nke abụọ nke abụọ bụ nsụgharị ntụgharị nke 2st; ọdịdị nke 1st mgbanwe bụ rakohodny (lee nha 1 n'ime ya) okpukpu abụọ nke canon na mgbasa; R. d. dị n'ime ụdịdị niile nke ikpeazụ nke symphony. A na-ekpebi ọdịdị nke iji ihe mejupụtara rhythmic site na ebumnuche okike nke onye dere ya; ngwa nke rhythmic mejupụtara n'ime kpuchie nke Oghere Usoro music nwere ike dị nnọọ iche. Dị ka ihe atụ, na ikpeazụ nke Karaev's 7rd symphony, ebe usoro nke usoro na-adabere na àgwà nke Azerbaijan nar. frets, a na-emeghachi ihe owuwu mbụ (lee nọmba 3) n'ụdị nke ihe na-emepụta rakokhodny.

Na "Polyphonic Symphony" est. site n'aka onye na-ede egwú A. Pärt, ihe 40 mbụ sitere na koodu nke akụkụ nke mbụ (nọmba 1) bụ canon na-aga crescendo, mgbe ahụ na canon na R. d. diminuendo; a siri ụda ewu na nke a na-aghọta site na-ege ntị dị ka ụdị nkwubi okwu, nghọta, ezi uche generalization nke oké tense gara aga music. omume. R. d. dị na mbubreyo Op. Ọ BỤRỤ na Stravinsky; ọmụmaatụ, na Ricercar II site na Cantata ruo ederede Bekee. Ndị na-ede uri, akụkụ tenor gbagwojuru anya site na canons bụ ahapụtara "Cantus cancri-zans" ma mejupụtara ụdị 24 nke usoro ahụ. Na "Canticum sacrum" mmegharị nke ise bụ ihe dị iche iche nke 4st, na ojiji dị otú ahụ nke R. d. (dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime akara ngosi egwu nke Op a.) kwekọrọ n'ụzọ nke ndị na-ahụ maka mgbochi ochie. Nhazi ihe mgbochi sitere na iji R. d., ọgbara ọhụrụ. tiori nke polyphony na-ekewa onwe ya. ụdị mgbagwoju anya counterpoint.

References: Riemann H., Handbuch der Musikgeschichte, Vol. 2, Akụkụ 1, Lpz., 1907, 1920; Feininger LKJ, Akụkọ mmalite nke akwụkwọ nsọ ruo Josquin des Prez, Emsdetten, 1937.

VP Frayonov